主旨演讲简介 Keynote Synopsis

 

​有人就有江湖—“防御机制与霸凌”

弗洛伊德认为，“防御机制”是展现本我、建构独特自我（ego）的重要机制，是一种人类天生的（natural）生存与适应的心理机制。因此，对于个人而言，在人生中面对焦虑、压力、竞争、威胁或不安全感等情境时，为了适应、生存与取胜，个体基于“生的驱力”与“死的驱力”的本能，运用“防御机制”进行自我保护，是一种人类的本性。

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然而，人类通过后天环境的养育（nurtured）方式与社会规范的获得，个体因此形成各种独特的行为表现。个人所展现的“防御机制”类型会非常复杂且多样。然而追根溯源，都离不开本我求生存与自我建构的需求。而人类间的“霸凌”行为，几乎就是上述各种“防御机制”运作的具体表现，其发生甚至是在潜意识层次。

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本主题对于职场中的“霸凌”现象，并不完全从“病态”或“变态”的视角出发，而是将其视为人类一种生存本能与自我保护的展现。在现代社会中，大多数人不会自认为是“霸凌”的“加害者”，即使在旁人眼中，他（她）的行为已无异于霸凌。

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纵使岁月更替、时空流转，只要有人类存在，就会有各种形式的“霸凌”存在。霸凌既然是人性的体现，就注定不会彻底终止。有人就有江湖，有江湖就有冲突、压力、竞争与威胁。人性无法被治愈，但可以被疗愈、被抚平其造成的伤害。

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从心理咨询的角度来看，理解“霸凌”与“防御机制”之间的联系，或许正是一个可行的切入方式。

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Understanding Workplace Bullying Through the Lens of Ego Defense Mechanisms

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are crucial processes for expressing the id and constructing a unique ego. They are innate psychological tools for human survival and adaptation. For an individual, when faced with anxiety, stress, competition, threat, or insecurity in life, the use of defense mechanisms as a means of self-protection — driven by the instincts of the life drive (Eros) and the death drive (Thanatos) — is part of human nature in the pursuit of adaptation, survival, and success.

 

However, through nurturing environments and the acquisition of social norms, individuals develop unique behavioral expressions. As such, the ways in which people manifest their defense mechanisms become highly complex and diverse. At their core, though, all these behaviors stem from the fundamental human needs for survival and ego construction. Bullying behavior among people can be seen as a concrete manifestation of various defense mechanisms in action — sometimes even operating at a subconscious level.

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This presentation does not view workplace bullying solely through a pathological or deviant lens. Rather, it approaches it as a form of human survival instinct and self-protection. In modern society, very few individuals would describe themselves as "bullies" or "aggressors," even though their behaviour may clearly appear as such to others.

 

As time passes and the world evolves, as long as there are people, there will be bullying in its many forms. Bullying is part of human nature and may never completely disappear. Where people exist, there will be social dynamics; and where there are dynamics, there will be conflict, pressure, competition, and threat.

 

Human nature cannot be cured, but it can be healed and its harm mitigated. From the perspective of psychological counselling, understanding the connection between bullying and defence mechanisms may provide a viable path towards addressing the issue.